Synonym (s): paraprotein (2) . All rights reserved. Mass spectrometry for the evaluation of monoclonal proteins in multiple myeloma and related disorders: an International Myeloma Working Group Mass Spectrometry Committee Report. Immunoglobulins are secreted by plasma cells, a type of white blood cell in the bone marrow, in response to infection and disease. A homogeneous immunoglobulin resulting from the proliferation of a single clone of plasma cells that; during electrophoresis of serum, appears as a narrow band or "spike"; it is characterized by heavy chains of a single class and subclass, and light chains of a single type. Immunofixation reveals the heavy chain as alpha, gamma, or mu. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. What is the clinical application of an immunofixation test? How is an immunofixation test interpreted? Sasson SC, McGill K, Wienholt L, Carr A, Brown DA, Kelleher AD, et al. Anastasios Dimou, MD Resident Physician, Department of Internal Medicine, Albert Einstein Medical CenterDisclosure: Nothing to disclose. Patients with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance require close follow-up because about 1 percent per year develop multiple myeloma or another malignant monoclonal gammopathy.13 [Evidence level B, prospective cohort study] An algorithm for the follow-up of patients with a monoclonal gammopathy is provided in Figure 3.6. [Full Text]. In addition, doctors stagemyeloma to help them decide on the best treatmentplan. Kaplan JS, Horowitz GL. Both of the following criteria must be met: In healthy individuals, plasma cellsproduce proteins called polyclonal immunoglobulins. These are a collection of antibodies that protect the body against all kinds of different invading viruses, bacteria or other infectious agents (antigens). As denoted in the normal curve above, antibodies are primarily found in the fraction. Peripheral blood smear often shows RBCs in a stacked or rouleaux formation. Urine immunofixation uses electricity to push proteins from your urine sample through a kind of gel. Serum protein electrophoresis (SPEP) is a laboratory technique thats used to determine the levels of some types of proteins in a blood sample. Sometimes a CBC with differential (CBC with diff), a test that also measures the number of the different types of white blood cells present in the blood, is ordered. 135:1048-51. [3], Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia Multiple Myeloma: Diagnosis; 2018 Jul [cited 2019 Dec 10]; [about 3 screens]. Browse the 32 health-related programs and part-time courses available at BCITs School of Health Sciences. [11] HIV-related encephalitis, neurosyphilis, Lyme meningoencephalitis, neurosarcoidosis, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), Sjgren syndrome, subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, CNS malignancy, neuromyelitis optica, and transverse myelitis can all reveal oligoclonal banding in CSF immunofixation, precluding the use of immunofixation for the detection of oligoclonal bands as a sole diagnostic technique in multiple sclerosis. Protein electrophoresis alone is not considered an adequate screen for monoclonal gammopathies. IgA, IgM, and sometimes IgG, along with complement proteins, also can be identified in the beta fraction. It involves exposing serum placed in a. This abnormal protein is formed within your bone marrow, the soft, blood-producing tissue that fills in the center of most of your bones. See additional information. [10]. If present, an excessive production of a monoclonal immunoglobulin may be shown in laboratory test results as a spike on a graph (M spike). The following imaging tests are a very important part of the diagnosis, staging and management of myeloma: If you're diagnosed with myeloma, you may need to undergo more tests during or after treatment to see how themyeloma cells are responding to therapy. Immunofixation tests can also be done in urine. ; 2014 Mar 14 [cited 2020 Jan 22]; [about 3 screens]. In Greek, the language of most medical terms, "myelo" refers to the blood-producing cells in the bone marrow, and "oma" refers to a tumor or mass of cancer cells. Symptoms and Causes Diagnosis and Tests Management and Treatment Prevention Outlook / Prognosis In some cases, the test is done with a urine sample. 2019 Jun 20. Finally, the sample is washed to remove the proteins that do not precipitate and then stained, destained, and dried. A polyclonal immunoglobulin pattern in the serum or urine immunofixation is considered to be nonspecific. Technique: Collection starts early in the morning after the first morning urine has been voided and continues for the subsequent 24 hours, including the first morning urine of the following day. Other more-specific tests, including serum protein electrophoresis (SPEP), can help determine the exact source, such as liver or bone marrow. Given the dismal impact on prognosis in the latter scenario, Monoclonal light chains also called or Bence Jones protein, are seen in the urine of Multiple myeloma cases in 75 % of the patients. Detection of oligoclonal bands in cerebrospinal fluid by immunofixation electrophoresis. 1998-2023 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research (MFMER). Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance. A monoclonal protein is produced by the abnormal, cancerous or precancerous cells. Monoclonal gammopathies of undetermined significance. Other names: serum protein electrophoresis, (SPEP), protein electrophoresis, SPE, immunofixation electrophoresis, IFE, serum immunofixation. Often, there are associated decreases in the albumin and transferrin levels.6 Table 26 lists characteristic patterns of acute-reaction proteins found on serum protein electrophoresis, along with associated conditions or disorders. Blood. 95:2126-33. Exp Ther Med. Another test, calledimmunofixation or immunoelectrophoresis, is used to determine the exact type ofabnormal antibody (IgG. [18, 19], Detection of a paraprotein by immunofixation is possible in lymphomas. Bone marrow aspirate may be useful to show that at least 10% of the nucleated blood cells are plasma cells. Twenty-four-hour Bence-Jones protein determinations: can we ensure accuracy?. Also, the level of protein being excreted in the urine and the amount of light chains can be measured. However, most patients with a monoclonal protein will be finally diagnosed with MGUS rather than any of the malignant plasma cell dyscrasias for which treatment is recommended. IgA or IgM bands are less common. Available from: National Cancer Institute [Internet]. You may feel a little sting when the needle goes in or out. In most cases in which a monoclonal protein is present, it shows as a narrow band at the IgG lane in combination with a monoclonal band at the kappa or lambda lane. In contrast, polyclonal gammopathies may be caused by any reactive or inflammatory process, and they usually are associated with nonmalignant conditions. URL of this page: https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/immunofixation-ife-blood-test/. Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS). In addition to SPEP followed by immunofixation, quantitative serum immunoglobulin should be performed, because the M component must be greater than3 g/dL in the serum. There is very little risk to having a blood test. Immunofixation in CSF for the detection of oligoclonal bands is indicated every time there is suspicion for multiple sclerosis. Other inflammatory conditions of the CNS can present with oligoclonal bands in CSF resulting from intrathecal production of antibodies. https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/hematology-and-oncology/plasma-cell-disorders/monoclonal-gammopathy-of-undetermined-significance-mgus?query=mgus. It may also depend on the unique patterns made by the proteins. If you have questions about your results, talk to your health care provider. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. Keywords: bone marrow; monoclonal protein; multiple myeloma; protein electrophoresis; serum free light chains. Pathol Biol (Paris). StatPearls. Serum protein electrophoresis is the easiest means of excluding the presence of a monoclonal protein and can detect bands of 0.5 gm/dL or less. Among 161 patients in whom both serum and urine demonstrated positive results for monoclonal protein and who were, posttreatment, negative for serum immunofixation, just 3 (1.9%) displayed positive urine immunofixation. The output of monoclonal protein can vary from patient to patient. The proteins are separated into 5 or 6 fractions and displayed as a curve and corresponding gel pattern. The Leukemia & Lymphoma Society (LLS) is a global leader in the fight against blood cancer. Once a monoclonal gammopathy has been identified and a particular plasma cell proliferative disorder has been diagnosed, the quantification of the monoclonal protein is a good surrogate marker for monitoring the . On the left a serum protein electrophoresis (SPEP) of a patient with a monoclonal band in the gamma region is shown. what does no apparent monoclonal protein on serum electrophoresis mean. Multiple Myeloma. This allows them to be measured and analyzed individually. In some patients, the myeloma cells do not make a complete monoclonal immunoglobulin molecule with two heavy and two light chains. Medscape Drugs & Diseases. When you arrive, a healthcare professional will simply use a needle to take a blood sample. Immunoglobulin-related amyloidosis. Available from: Lab Tests Online [Internet]. These measurements indicate the degree to which the myeloma cells in the marrow are affecting normal blood cell development. A total protein test is often done as part of your regular checkup. These tests are performed when the IFE blood test doesn't give . [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. This test is called serum protein electrophoresis (SPEP) test. The next five components (globulins) are labeled alpha1, alpha2, beta1, beta2, and gamma. Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) is a condition in which an abnormal protein known as monoclonal protein or M protein is in your blood. The alpha1-protein fraction is comprised of alpha1-antitrypsin, thyroid-binding globulin, and transcortin. However, blood has several components. The "M" technically stands for "monoclonal," but M protein is often referred to as myeloma protein. Anemia, pancytopenia, hypercalcemia, and renal disease may be present. Diagnosis is often done with a lab test called electrophoresis. You can learn more about how we ensure our content is accurate and current by reading our. What specimens can be used to perform an immunofixation test? Leukemia. If the sample is hemolyzed in vitro (red blood cells are ruptured outside the body such as during traumatic blood draw), there will be free hemoglobin, which migrates to the 1 fraction. Available from: https://ufhealth.org/protein-electrophoresis-serum. The SFLC assay can detect abnormal levels of free light chains, which may be an indication of a plasma cell disorder. (2015, August 21). Since the expression levels of these genes and how mutations in them, if present, influence the behavior of the myeloma cells, these techniques may be helpful in better predicting treatment outcomes and developing new and improved targeted therapies. Common causes of low levels include: Your diagnosis will depend on which specific protein levels were not normal, and whether the levels were too high or too low. This usually takes less than five minutes. Protein electrophoresis serum : Overview; [updated 2021 Aug 9; cited 2021 Aug 9]; [about 2 screens]. Copyright 2023 Haymarket Media, Inc. All Rights Reserved Serum protein electrophoresis (SPEP) and urine protein electrophoresis (UPEP) are tests in which proteins in blood and urine samples are separated so that individual antibodies can be identified and quantified. Therefore, such an approach cannot be currently recommended. Your story might just end up on BCIT News. This whole (intact) immunoglobulin, made of the four chains, is usually too large to pass through the kidney. Immunofixation to identify the M component as an IgM immunoglobulin with a quantitative IgM level greater than 3 g/dL.
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